Performance surface

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A performance surface is a flooring suitable for dance or sport. Performance surfaces are normally laid on top of, or are part of, a sprung floor to produce a complete dance floor or sports floor.
Dance performance surfaces made of sheet vinyl are also called dance floors and marley floors. They are called marley type floors from a very popular reversible vinyl flooring manufactured for four years until 1977 by Marley Floors Ltd.[1]
Theatres often have a number of roll-out floors with different characteristics to satisfy the requirements of different forms of dance.
Contents
1 Requirements
2 Traction
3 Performance surface construction
4 What makes a good performance surface
5 References
//
Requirements
The sprung floor article deals with the standard requirements for dance or sports floors. However there are many differences between what would be the best floor for the various disciplines.[2] Most of the customization depends on a choice of suitable performance surface.
The standards listed in the sprung floor article have sections which apply to the performance surface. The standards are applicable to both dance and sport.
These differences are mainly in:
The optimum traction e.g. more for sport, less for ballroom dancing
The colour of the surface e.g. for theatre or basketball.
The sound e.g. for tap-dance or ballet
The softness e.g. for ballet or basketball
The durability e.g. for a community hall or for a dance salon
A sprung floor with a hard surface provides protection from serious injuries rather than minor injuries. A fall can still cause bruises. A soft performance surface on the other hand can provide protection from minor injuries but not serious injuries. Providing sufficient protection from serious injury for adults using a thick performance surface alone would render it unsuitable for most dance or sport. This is because a performance surface is point elastic whereas area elasticity as provided by a sprung floor is mainly preferred.
Traction
In general dance requires less traction than gym. However a floor should not of itself be very slippery or sticky. DIN 18032 defines a range of traction which should suit most activities. These type floors should also be smooth, and a slide should not cause carpet burn. This means it is difficult to stop them becoming slippery when wet.[3]
Most of the differences between the different disciplines can and should be catered for by the use of appropriate shoes. On the same surface a dance shoe with a leather or suede sole will give much less traction than a gym shoe with a composite rubber sole. A sticky floor used for gym is very likely to cause twisted ankles, and a slippery floor used for dancing is liable to cause bad falls.
Everyday footwear nowadays tends to have a higher traction. For occasions like weddings where the dancers may not have proper footwear a slightly slippier floor could compensate somewhat, but a highly polished floor can be very dangerous with leather soles. Both gyms and dance clubs are better off providing good safe floors and encouraging the use of proper footwear.
Performance surface construction
The performance surface is normally of vinyl or hardwood, engineered wood or laminate. For dance the surface may be replaceable so for instance a theatre can adapt easily to either ballet or tap dance, these are normally made of vinyl sheeting. Hardwood is however preferred for tap dance.[4] Some sports have extra requirements like spike resistance or a standard ball bounce.[5]
Roll-up vinyl sheeting normally consists of:
A thin top wear layer that also has UV light protection. Ultraviolet light rapidly degrades vinyl. This layer has to provide the proper traction and tends to be matte rather than shiny as for domestic vinyl.
A layer of vinyl which supports the wear layer. This also provides the main colour.
A woven fibre interlayer. This stops the floor deforming and also provides some area elasticity.
A bottom layer of foamed vinyl which provides the softness.
When rolled up the vinyl should not be bent sharply - it should be on rolls. When there are a number of different surfaces for a hall these can be kept on special storage carts which keep them separate rather than lying on each other.
What makes a good performance surface
A wood surface is ideal for social dancing if maintained properly and is also standard for many indoor sports. Engineered wood is normally used nowadays for wood flooring as it is less liable to warp or shrink and is more economic. Tap dance is especially punishing and a tough hardwood surface like oak or maple is preferred for any regular use.
Vinyl is a better choice for other types of dance or more general community use. The requirements for different types of dance are different...(and so on)

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Rotational molding

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Rotational molding or moulding is a versatile process for creating many kinds of mostly hollow plastic parts. The phrase is often shortened to rotomolding or rotomoulding.
A heated mold causes the plastic resin within to melt and form a puddle at the bottom of the mold cavity. The mold is then slowly rotated (usually around two perpendicular axes) causing the melted plastic to flow into to the mold and stick to its walls. In order to maintain even thickness throughout the part, the mold continues to rotate during the cooling phase. The process was developed in the 1940s but in early years was used little because it was a slow process restricted to a small number of plastics. Over the past two decades, improvements in process control and developments with plastic powders have resulted in a significant increase in usage.
Contents
1 History
2 Equipment and Tooling
2.1 Rotational Molding Machines
2.1.1 Rock and Roll Machine
2.1.2 Clamshell Machine
2.1.3 Vertical or Up & Over Rotational Machine
2.1.4 Shuttle or Swing Arm Machine
2.1.5 Carousel Machine
3 Production Process
3.1 Recent improvements
4 Mold Release Agents
5 Materials
5.1 Natural Materials
6 Products
7 Design Considerations
7.1 Product Design
7.2 Designing for Rotational Molding
7.3 Material Limitations and Considerations
7.4 Wall Thickness
8 Process: Advantages, Limitations, and Material Requirements
8.1 Advantages
8.2 Limitations
8.3 Material Requirements
9 Bibliography
10 Notes
11 External links
//
History
In 1855 R. Peters, of Britain, documented the first use of biaxial rotation and heat. This rotational molding process was used to create metal artillery shells and other hollow vessels. The main purpose of using rotational molding was to create consistency in wall thickness and density. In 1905 F.A. Voelke, used this method for the hollowing of wax objects in the US. This lead to G.S. Baker and G.W. Perks process of making hollow chocolate eggs in 1910. Rotational molding developed further and R.J. Powell used this process for molding plaster of Paris in the 1920. These early methods using different materials directed the advancements in the way rotational molding is used today with plastics. [1]
Plastics where introduced to the rotational molding process in the early 1950. One of the first applications was to manufacture doll heads. The machinery was made up of an E Blue box-oven machine, inspired by General Motors back axle, powered by an external electric motor and heated by floor-mounted gas burners. The mold was made out of electroformed nickel-copper, and the plastic was a liquid PVC plastisol. The cooling method consisted of placing the mold into cold water. This process of rotational molding led to the creation of other plastic toys. As demand and popularity of this process increased, it was used to create other products such as road cones, marine buoys, and car armrests. This popularity lead to the development of larger machinery. A new system of heating was also created, going from the original direct gas jets to the current indirect high velocity air system. In Europe during the 1960 the Engel process was developed. This allowed the creation of large hollow containers to be created in low-density polyethylene. The cooling method consisted of turning off the burners and allowing the plastic to harden while still rocking in the mold. [2]
In 1976, the Association of Rotational Moulders (ARM) was started in Chicago as a worldwide trade association. The main objective of this association is to increase awareness of the rotational molding technology and process. [3]
In the 1980, new plastics, (polycarbonate, polyester, nylon, etc) were introduced to rotational molding. This has lead to new uses for this process, such as the creation of fuel tanks and industrial moldings. The research that has been done since the 1980 at Queen University has lead to the development of more precise monitoring and control of the cooling processes based on their development of the otolog system. [4]
Equipment and Tooling
Rotational molding machines are made in a wide range of sizes. They normally consist of molds, an oven, a cooling chamber, and mold spindles. the spindles are mounted on a rotating axis, which provides a uniform coating of the plastic inside each mold.[5]
Molds (or tooling) are either fabricated from welded sheet steel or cast. The fabrication method is often driven by part size and complexity; Most intricate parts are likely made out of cast tooling. Molds are typically manufactured from stainless steel or aluminum. Aluminum molds are usually much thicker than an equivalent steel mold, as it is a softer metal. This thickness doesn't affect cycle times significantly since aluminum's...(and so on)

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Bruno Munari

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Bruno Munari
Born
October 24, 1907(1907-10-24)Milan, Italy
Died
September 30, 1998 (aged90)
Bruno Munari (October 24, 1907 September 30, 1998) was an Italian artist and designer, who contributed fundamentals in many fields of visual arts (paint, sculpture, film, industrial design, graphics) and non visual arts (literature, poetry, didactic) with the research on the game subject, infancy and creativity.
Contents
1 Biography
2 Awards and recognitions
3 Books from Bruno Munari
3.1 Design and visual communication
3.2 Research books
3.3 Books for children
3.4 Books for school
3.5 Industry and publicity
4 See also
5 Further reading
//
Biography
Bruno Munari was born in Milan but spent his childhood and teenage in Badia Polesine. In 1925 he returned to Milan where he started to work with his uncle who was an engineer. In 1927 started to follow Marinetti and the futurist movement, displaying his work in many exhibitions. Three years later he associated with Riccardo Castegnetti (Ricas), with whom he worked as a graphic designer until 1938. During a trip to Paris, in 1933, he met Louis Aragon and Andr Breton. From 1939 to 1945 he worked as a press graphic designer for the Mondadori editor, and as art director of Tempo Magazine. At the same time he began designing books for children, originally created for his son Alberto.
In 1948, Munari, Gillo Dorfles, Gianni Monnet and Atanasio Soldati, founded the Arte Concreta movement.
Bruno Munari (Milano 1907 1998)
Italian sculptor, painter, film maker and designer.Yes His artistic ambition was influenced by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti whom he met in Milan in the mid-1920s. Munari formally allied himself with the second generation of Futurists in 1927 and continued to exhibit with them into the 1930s. Few works of Munari remain from this period, as most were made from transient materials. One extant work in tempera from 1932 (see Tanchis, p. 13) suggests that Munari had fully adopted Futurist aesthetics. Several other examples from the 1930s, however, show a clear debt to Surrealism.
In his sculpture from 1930 Munari adopted a different attitude. Aerial Machine (1930; see Tanchis, p. 21), for example, indicates a move towards a Constructivist aesthetic. This elegant object is a precursor of his Useless Machines, the first of which was executed in 1933. Constructed of painted cardboard and other lightweight materials, they served to liberate abstract forms in three dimensions. Moreover, they were meant to integrate with the surrounding environment through their kinetic action.
After World War II Munari concentrated on industrial design. An early example is X Hour (1945; see Tanchis, pp. 723), an alarm clock with rotating half-discs in lieu of hands. In 1963, as part of an effort to bring the best in design to the Italian public, X Hour was produced as a multiple. Other objects by Munari that were not strictly utilitarian were also mass-produced, such as the Flexy (1968; see 1986 exh. cat., pp. 823), a flexible metal wire structure that could be set in any number of positions. After 1949 Munari began to investigate Gestalt theory through a series of experimental works entitled Negative Positive, in which he attempted to achieve absolute parity between figure and ground. In Negative Positive (1950; see Tanchis, p. 55), for example, the areas of dark and light are equal.
As early as the 1930s, Munari had been trying out radical innovations in graphics and typography, but it was not until after World War II that he began to design and produce book-objects. His children books were simple, provocative learning tools. His books for adults, on the other hand, were useless objects, Unreadable Books, which were meant to challenge the very concept of a book. In 1950 Munari began to experiment with light projection through coloured plastic to create coloured-light compositions. The use of polarized light, special lenses and motorization enabled him to achieve more complex and variable results and led to the production of his first coloured-light film, I colori della luce (1963) with electronic music.
The principle of public access to the means of visual communication was very important to Munari, who believed anyone could produce objects of aesthetic value, given the proper technological advantages. Following this principle, in 1964 Munari began to install photocopiers at exhibition sites, including the Central Pavilion of the 35th Venice Biennale in 1970.
Awards and recognitions
Compasso d'Oro award from the ADI (Associazione per il Disegno Industriale) (1954, 1955, 1979)
Golden medal of the Triennale di Milano for the "Libri illeggibili" book (1957)
Andersen award as best child author (1974)
Honorable mention from the New York Science Academy (1974)
Graphic award in the...(and so on)

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Electric light

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Most of the industrialized world is lit by electric lights, which are used both at night and to provide additional light during the daytime. These lights are normally powered by the electric grid, but some run on local generators, and emergency generators serve as backups in hospitals and other locations where a loss of power could be catastrophic. Battery-powered lights, usually called "flashlights" or "torches", are used for portability and as backups when the main lights fail.
Contents
1 Types
1.1 Incandescent light bulb
1.1.1 Halogen lamp
1.2 Fluorescent lamp
1.3 LED lamp
1.4 Carbon arc lamp
1.5 Discharge lamp
2 Lamp Life Expectancy
3 Vendors
4 Public lighting
5 See also
//
Types
Types of electric lighting include:
incandescent light bulbs
arc lamps
gas discharge lamps, e.g., fluorescent lights and Compact fluorescent lamps, neon lamps, flood lamps, modern photographic flashes
lasers
light-emitting diodes, including OLEDs
sulfur lamps
Different types of lights have vastly differing efficiencies and color of light. [1]
Name
optical spectrum
nominal efficiency(lm/W)
Lifetime (MTBF)(hours)
Colour temperature(kelvins)
Colour
Colorrenderingindex
Incandescent light bulb
Continuous
12-17
1000-2500
2700
Warm white (yellowish)
100
Halogen lamp
Continuous
16-23
3000-6000
3200
Warm white (yellowish)
100
Fluorescent lamp
Mercury line + Phosphor
52-100
8000-20000
2700-5000*
White (with a tinge of green)
15-85
Metal halide lamp
quasi-Continuous
50-115
6000-20000
3000-4500
Cold White
65-93
Sulfur lamp
Continuous
80-110
15000-20000
6000
Pale green
79
High pressure sodium
broadband
55-140
10000-40000
1800-2200*
Pinkish orange
0-70
Low pressure sodium
narrow line
100-200
18000-20000
1800*
Yellow, virtually no color rendering
0
*Color temperature is defined as the temperature of a black body emitting a similar spectrum; these spectra are quite different from those of black bodies.
The most efficient source of electric light is the low-pressure sodium lamp. It produces an almost monochromatic orange light, which severely distorts color perception. For this reason, it is generally reserved for outdoor public lighting usages. Low-pressure sodium lights are favoured for public lighting by astronomers, since the light pollution that they generate can be easily filtered, contrary to broadband or continuous spectra.
Incandescent light bulb
Main article: Incandescent light bulb
Incandescent light bulb as we know it today, with a coiled filament of tungsten, was commercialised in the 1920s developed from the carbon filament lamp introduced in about 1880. As well as bulbs for normal illumination, there is a very wide range, including low voltage, low-power types often used as components in equipment, but now largely displaced by LEDs
There is currently interest in banning some types of filament lamp in some countries, such as Australia planning to ban standard incandescent light bulbs by 2010, because they are inefficient at converting electricity to light.Sri Lanka has already banned importing filament bulbs because of high use of electricity and less light. Less than 3% of the input energy is converted into usable light. Nearly all of the input energy ends up as heat that, in warm climates, must then be removed from the building by ventilation or air conditioning, often resulting in more energy consumption. In colder climates where heating and lighting is required during the cold and dark winter months, the heat byproduct has at least some value.
Halogen lamp
Main article: Halogen lamp
Halogen lamps are usually much smaller than standard incandescents, because for successful operation a bulb temperature over 200 is generally necessary. For this reason, most have a bulb of fused silica (quartz), but sometimes aluminosilicate glass. This is often sealed inside an additional layer of glass. The outer glass is a safety precaution, reducing UV emission and because halogen bulbs can occasionally explode during operation. One reason is if the quartz bulb has oily residue from fingerprints. The risk of burns or fire is also greater with bare bulbs, leading to their prohibition in some places unless enclosed by the luminaire. Those designed for 12V or 24V operation have compact filaments, useful for good optical control, also they have higher efficacies (lumens per watt) and better lives than non halogen types. The light output remains almost constant throughout life.
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McLaren MP4/8

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McLaren MP4/8
Category
Formula One
Constructor
McLaren
Team/s
McLaren
Designer
Neil Oatley
Drivers
7. Michael Andretti, Mika H?kkinen8. Ayrton Senna
Chassis
carbon-fibre and honeycomb composite structure
Suspension (front)
double wishbones, pushrod, inboard spring/damper/actuator
Suspension (rear)
double wishbones, pushrod, inboard spring/damper/actuator
Engine
rear-mounted Ford HB Normally Aspirated 75-degree V8
Gearbox
McLaren six-speed transverse semi-automatic
Fuel
Shell
Tyres
Goodyear
Debut
1993 South African Grand Prix
Races competed
16 (32 starts)
Constructors' Championships
0
Drivers' Championships
0
Race victories
5
Pole positions
1
Fastest laps
1
Points
84
The McLaren MP4/8 was a Formula One racing car which competed in the 1993 season. It raced in all sixteen Grands Prix, scoring five wins. The engine was a Ford HB 3.5 V8. The car was designed by Neil Oatley around advanced racecar technology, including a semi-automatic transmission, active suspension and traction control systems.
Contents
1 Engine
2 1993 Season
3 Future
4 References
//
Engine
Honda had supplied McLaren with engines from 1988-92, the first four years where the team had dominated the drivers' and constructors' championships. However, Honda departed F1 after 1992 and team principal Ron Dennis was unable to get a supply of Renault engines as a replacement.
McLaren had to make do with the Ford HB 3.5 V8 engine, which had inferior power compared to the Renault engine found in their chief rival Williams, and even the higher spec Ford engine fitted in the Benetton that season. Because Benetton had a pre-existing contract as the Ford factory team, McLaren had to settle for a customer engine which lacked some of the technological advancements of Benetton's factory engine. During the season, McLaren improved their car with technology from TAG Electronics.[1]
1993 Season
Initially, Ayrton Senna was so unconvinced by the car and the engine that he demanded a race-by-race contract at $1 million per Grand Prix, though others suggested that this was a marketing ploy between Senna and Ron Dennis to keep sponsors on edge and interested.
However, the MP4/8 was competitive enough to achieve some remarkable successes. Even though rival Alain Prost was in the superior Williams FW15C, Senna's skill enabled him to lead the championship during the first weeks of the season. Later in the season, the Frenchman asserted the dominance of his Williams to take the lead for good, while Senna fell off pace during the second half of the schedule and dropped to third place. While Prost clinched the championship with two races to spare, Senna went on to win the last two races. The Brazilian had five wins in total, including one of his greatest drives in the 1993 European Grand Prix, and finished second in the drivers' championship to Alain Prost, whilst McLaren finished runners up to Williams in the manufacturers' championship. (For 1994, Senna signed onto the then-dominant Williams but the banning of driver aids especially the active suspension caused the car tricky to drive.He managed three poles in the first three races but never finished a race, being killed in a crash at San Marino. His 1993 season with McLaren would therefore be his last Grand Prix race finishes and wins.)
The car scored 84 points during the season, 73 of which came from Senna, for an average of 2.63 per start. The other drivers of the MP4/8 were Michael Andretti, a recent American CART champion, and Mika H?kkinen. While Senna took the championship battle to the last few rounds, Andretti had only a few points scoring finishes, including one podium. Some factors were outside his control; for instance he never tested a Formula 1 car in the wet and a string of collisions meant that he only completed three laps in his first three races. Andretti also never came to grips with highly technical aspects such as active suspension and traction control, two "gizmos" not found in the simpler CART. Lastly, Andretti continued to reside in the United States, commuting to F1 races and test sessions. By mutual agreement, Andretti was released from his contract after his scored his only podium for the team.
At the next round, in Estoril, the experienced test driver Mika H?kkinen went on to outqualify his triple world champion team-mate and was in a competitive position in the race, duelling with Jean Alesi's Ferrari. H?kkinen however, ran too close to the Ferrari at the 5th gear final corner, losing downforce and understeering onto the grass, and into the wall. For the remainder of the season he went on to score one podium, and another retirement from a competitive...(and so on)

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Grevillea robusta

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Grevillea robusta
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
Order:
Proteales
Family:
Proteaceae
Genus:
Grevillea
Species:
G. robusta
Binomial name
Grevillea robustaA.Cunn. ex R.Br.

Leaves and flowers
Grevillea robusta, commonly known as the southern silky oak or Silky-oak, or Australian Silver-oak, is the largest species in the genus Grevillea. It is a native of eastern coastal Australia, in riverine, subtropical and dry rainforest environments receiving more than 1,000 mm per year of average rainfall. It is a fast growing evergreen tree, between 18-35 m tall with dark green delicately dented bipinnatifid leaves reminiscent of a fern frond. It is the largest plant in the Grevillea genus, reaching diameters in excess of one metre. These leaves are generally 15-30cm long with greyish white or rusty undersides. Its flowers are golden-orange bottlebrush-like blooms, between 8-15cm long, in the spring, on a 2-3cm long stem and are used for honey production. The seeds mature in late winter to early spring, fruiting on dark brown leathery dehiscent follicles, about 2cm long, with one or two flat, winged seeds.
Contents
1 Uses
2 Cultivation
3 References
4 External links
//
Uses
Before the advent of aluminium, the timber from this tree was widely used for external window joinery as it is resistant to rotting. It was also popular for making furniture. There are severe restrictions on the harvesting of this tree now as the number of trees became depleted. Silky Oak is a valuable timber and was one of Australia best known cabinet timbers.
It is the best tree which can be used for fencing and it is one of the fastest growing trees.
Cultivation
When young it can be grown as a houseplant where it can tolerate light shade, but prefers full sun as it grows best in warm zones. If planted outside, young trees need protection on frosty nights. Once established it is hardier and tolerates temperatures down to about ?8 (17 )[1]. It needs occasional water but is otherwise fairly drought-resistant.
Grevillea robusta is often used as stock for grafting difficult-to-grow grevilleas.
Care needs to be taken when planted near bushland as it can be weedy.
Grevillea robusta (Southern Silky Oak) is also grown in plantations in South Africa.[2]

Silver Oak planted in a tea garden
Trunk bark
Leaf
Flowering branches
Flowers
Unripe seed pods
Leaves and dry seed pods
Dry seed pod
Seed pod and seeds
References
^ "Garden Guides: Silkoak". http://www.gardenguides.com/plants/plant.asp?symbol=GRRO.
^ Overseas-grown Australian Timber Species Retrieved on 8 December 2008
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Grevillea robusta
Grevillea robusta fact sheet on Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Network (FACT Net)
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Grevillea robusta
Plants of Hawaii (images): Grevillea robusta
This Proteaceae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This tree-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
This Australian eudicot article is a stub. Please help Wikipedia grow by expanding it.
Categories: Invasive plant species | Grevillea | Trees of Australia | Proteales of Australia | Plants and pollinators | Drought tolerant trees | Ornamental trees | Wood | Flora of New South Wales | Flora of Queensland | Naturalized trees of Hawaii | Proteaceae stubs | Tree stubs | Australian eudicot stubs(and so on)

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Laser ablation

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Laser ablation is the process of removing material from a solid (or occasionally liquid) surface by irradiating it with a laser beam. At low laser flux, the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and evaporates or sublimates. At high laser flux, the material is typically converted to a plasma. Usually, laser ablation refers to removing material with a pulsed laser, but it is possible to ablate material with a continuous wave laser beam if the laser intensity is high enough.
Contents
1 Fundamentals
2 Applications
3 See also
4 External links
5 References
//
Fundamentals
The depth over which the laser energy is absorbed, and thus the amount of material removed by a single laser pulse, depends on the material's optical properties and the laser wavelength.
Laser pulses can vary over a very wide range of duration (milliseconds to femtoseconds) and fluxes, and can be precisely controlled. This makes laser ablation very valuable for both research and industrial applications.
Applications
The simplest application of laser ablation is to remove material from a solid surface in a controlled fashion. Laser machining and particularly laser drilling are examples; pulsed lasers can drill extremely small, deep holes through very hard materials. Very short laser pulses remove material so quickly that the surrounding material absorbs very little heat, so laser drilling can be done on delicate or heat-sensitive materials, including tooth enamel (laser dentistry).
Also, laser energy can be selectively absorbed by coatings, particularly on metal, so CO2 or Nd:YAG pulsed lasers can be used to clean surfaces, remove paint or coating, or prepare surfaces for painting without damaging the underlying surface. High power lasers clean a large spot with a single pulse. Lower power lasers use many small pulses which may be scanned across an area. The advantages are:
No solvents are used, so it is environmentally friendly and operators are not exposed to chemicals.
It is relatively easy to automate, e.g., by using robots.
The running costs are lower than dry media or CO2 ice blasting, although the capital investment costs are much higher.
The process is gentler than abrasive techniques, e.g. carbon fibres within a composite material are not damaged.
Heating of the target is minimal.
Another class of applications uses laser ablation to process the material removed into new forms either not possible or difficult to produce by other means. A recent example is the production of carbon nanotubes.
In March 1995 Guo et al. [1] were the first to report the use of a laser to ablate a block of pure graphite, and later graphite mixed with catalytic metal [2]. The catalytic metal can consist of elements such as Co, Nb, Pt, Ni, Cu, or a binary combination thereof. The composite block is formed by making a paste of graphite powder, carbon cement, and the metal. The paste is next placed in a cylindrical mold and baked for several hours. After solidification, the graphite block is placed inside an oven with a laser pointed at it, and Ar gas is pumped along the direction of the laser point. The oven temperature is approximately 1200 C. As the laser ablates the target, carbon nanotubes form and are carried by the gas flow onto a cool copper collector. Like carbon nanotubes formed using the electric-arc discharge technique, carbon nanotube fibers are deposited in a haphazard and tangled fashion. Single-walled nanotubes are formed from the block of graphite and metal catalyst particles, whereas multi-walled nanotubes form from the pure graphite starting material.
A variation of this type of application is to use laser ablation to create coatings by ablating the coating material from a source and letting it deposit on the surface to be coated; this is a special type of physical vapor deposition, and can create coatings from materials that cannot readily be evaporated any other way. This process is used to manufacture some types of high temperature superconductor.
Remote laser spectroscopy uses laser ablation to create a plasma from the surface material; the composition of the surface can be determined by analyzing the wavelengths of light emitted by the plasma.
Finally, laser ablation can be used to transfer momentum to a surface, since the ablated material applies a pulse of high pressure to the surface underneath it as it expands. The effect is similar to hitting the surface with a hammer. This process is used in industry to work-harden metal surfaces, and is one damage mechanism for a laser weapon. It is also the basis of pulsed laser propulsion for spacecraft.
Laser ablation has biological applications and can be used to destroy nerves and other tissues. For example, a species of pond snails, Helisoma trivolvis can have their sensory neurons laser ablated off when the snail is...(and so on)

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Pickering College

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Pickering College
Bene Provisa Principia Ponantur"Let well planned foundations be laid."
Address
16945 Bayview AvenueNewmarket, Ontario, L3Y 4X2, Canada
Information
Principal
Mr. Peter Sturrup
School type
Private
Grades
JK through 12
Colours
Blue and Silver
Founded
1842
Enrollment
400 - 300 day students, 100 boarders(2006)
Homepage
http://www.pickeringcollege.on.ca/
Pickering College is an independent, co-educational school for children in grades from Junior Kindergarten through grade 12. It is located in Newmarket, Ontario in Canada on a 17-hectare (42 acre) property on Bayview Avenue. The school accepts both day students and boarders (Grade 7 through Grade 12 only).
Pickering College is the second oldest independent school in Ontario, behind Upper Canada College (UCC). However, Pickering's main building, Rogers House (built 1909), is older than UCC's current main building, which was condemned and rebuilt in 1960.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Bloomfield (West Lake), Prince Edward County, 1841
1.1.1 Campus
1.1.2 Operation
1.2 Pickering Village, 1877
1.2.1 Campus
1.2.2 Operation
1.2.3 Fire
1.2.4 Disposition of the Pickering Property
1.2.5 A Final Fire
1.3 Newmarket, 1908
1.3.1 Campus
1.3.2 Fire again
1.3.3 The 1990s
1.3.4 The Present
2 Headmasters/Principals of Pickering College
3 Noted Alumni and Faculty
4 Pickering's ghost
5 Pickering as a filming location
6 Footnotes
7 External links
//
History
Bloomfield (West Lake), Prince Edward County, 1841
Campus

Former West Lake Boarding School - Photo Courtesy of Prince Edward County Archives
The roots of Pickering College trace far back into the 1800s in Bloomfield, a significant Quaker settlement near Picton at West Lake, in Prince Edward County. There, on property (lot 13, concession 2, Military Tract) purchased by Israel Bowrman, a Quaker, a school (or seminary) was eventually established.
It is said that around this time Joseph John Gurney, a prominent Quaker Englishman (considered a 'minister', in the Quaker sense of the term), and brother of Elizabeth Fry, herself a noted advocate of social and prison reform, offered the sum of 500 pounds to the Religious Society of Friends for the establishment of a school there, if they could raise a similar amount.
History is not clear on when the building which would eventually become the West Lake Boarding School (and still stands today as a private residence) was actually erected. Mr. Bowrman mortgaged the property in 1830, and it is possible these funds were used to build what might have originally been intended as a house, later converted to a school. In either case, in 1841 the building began official use as a school, welcoming first only girls, and later, in 1842, with the construction of a wood framed building to the east, boys.
The main building served three purposes: its top floor served as dormitory for students, the basement served as dining room and servants' quarters, and the first floor acted as classroom and administrative facilities. For its time, the building was rather advanced in some respects, including indoor plumbing featuring a septic tank built of large red cedar logs.
There were a number of other buildings on the property including the boys' residence and other utility buildings, none of which remains today. Compared to the facilities of some of its contemporaries, West Lake Boarding School's were somewhat modest and more remote.
Operation
In 1848 this school was registered under the name West Lake Friends' or Quakers' Seminary. That it was coeducational was due to the Quakers' belief in the need to educate both sexes. The school was primarily administered and guided by the Quakers and it was non-denominal in nature.
According to historical sources, the school at West Lake was closed in the mid 1860s due to lack of enrollment, partly on account of its difficult accessibility at the time. The school would remain closed until its reopening at Pickering Village a number of years later.
In 1871 the school was incorporated by an Act of the provincial legislature, and a few years later, construction would begin on the new and modern school at Pickering Village.
Pickering Village, 1877

Former Pickering College Campus at Pickering Village -- Photo Courtesy of the Pickering-Ajax Digital Archives
Campus
In 1877 a successor to the original school near West Lake was constructed on Conc. 2, Lot 13, near the Village of Pickering. It would be a grand building, situated on 2ha (5 acres) high atop a hill and visible to the town below. It would also be known as a landmark along what was then known as Old Kingston...(and so on)

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