Thursday, July 30, 2009

Paragon China for china bone cup

I want to introduct something about ST70-448 Stainless steel flask. ST70-448 Stainless steel flask Place of Origin: China Jiangsu Model Number: ST70-448 Brand Name: tuny Price Terms: FOB Shanghai USD 5~10 Terms of Payment: T/T Minimum Order: 5000 Piece/Pieces Packaging: 12PCS/CTN Stainless steel flask item: ST70-448 material: Stainless steel capacity: 700ml packing: 12pcs/ctn carton size: 40*33*29.5CM 20'container: 8600pcs 40'container: 17200pcs item:ST70-448 material:Stainless steel capacity:700ml packing:12pcs/ctn carton size:40*33*29.5CM 20'container:8600pcs 40'container:17200pcs
Paragon China Company Limited
Former type
Private company
Fate
Bought out
Predecessor
Star China Company
Founded
1897
Founder(s)
Herbert Aynsley & Hugh Irving
Defunct
1960s
Headquarters
Longton, Stoke-on-Trent, England
Industry
Pottery
Products
Teaware & tableware
The Paragon China Company was a British manufacturer of bone china from 1919 to 1960, based in Longton, Stoke-on-Trent, previously known as the Star China Company, and more recently part of the Royal Doulton group. Paragon was noted for producing high quality teaware and tableware, and was granted royal warrants by several members of the British Royal Family.
Contents
1 History
2 Royal warrants
3 References
4 External links
//
History
The Star China company was founded in 1897 as a partnership between Herbert Aynsley (great-grandson of the founder of Aynsley China) and Hugh Irving, trading until 1919, and using Paragon as a trade name from about 1900. In 1919, after Aynsley's retirement the company name was changed to Paragon China Company Limited. Irving's two sons subsequently became managing directors of the business.
In its early history the firm manufactured tea and breakfast wares, exporting to Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. However in the 1930s, Paragon expanded both its market, to include the Americas, and its range of products to include dinnerware. Also at this time, Paragon began its move towards creating a smokeless factory, installing electric kilns.
The 1960s saw the company change hands several times, owned for a while by T.C. Wild, then forming part of Allied English Potteries, then becoming part of Royal Doulton.
The Paragon name has been retained, mainly with designs based on traditional floral patterns. Unfortunately the early Paragon pattern books are presumed lost, however the Royal commemorative designs are still sought by collectors.
Royal warrants
1926 - The Duchess of York (Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon) commissioned china for the nursery of Princess Elizabeth (now Queen Elizabeth II). This pattern is known as "Two for Joy", originating from the English number rhyme One for sorrow, Two for joy associated with magpies, and the legend that two magpies were seen at the christening of Princess Elizabeth.

Cup and saucer commissioned to mark the birth of Princess Margaret
1930 - The Duchess of York commissioned a tea service to mark the birth of Princess Margaret Rose (later Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon). This pattern also has two birds, as well as marguerite and rose flower designs, referring to the given names of the princess.
1933 - Queen Mary granted a Royal Warrant of Appointment
1938 - Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother granted a Royal Warrant of Appointment
1953 - Queen Elizabeth II granted a Royal Warrant of Appointment
References
Stoke-on-Trent museum research resource
Paragon China Ltd., Longton, article from British Potters and Pottery Today, by Cyril G. E. Bunt, 1956
External links
www.paragonpottery.com Pottery collectors website
Paragon International Collectors Club Website, last updated July 26, 2004
Paragon pieces to explore online
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Surface-mount technology for wave solder machine

I want to introduct something about Automatical Paper Punching Machine. Automatical Paper Punching Machine Place of Origin: China Brand Name: FuYi machinery: paper related machine Terms of Payment: L/C,T/T Supply Ability: 2 Piece/Pieces per Month Minimum Order: 1 Piece/Pieces small amount in T/T Packaging: wooden case Delivery Lead Time: 18 days This machine is used on punching processing of binding position for all kinds of loose leaf book. Only one person is needed to operate. Sheet feeding, punching and collecting have all been done automatically. The mold specification can be changed (we can offer different kinds of molds); it is suitable for different customer needs. (This machine sell with one set of normal mold together, the mold is single line with round hole or square hole) Specifications: Max paper: 310*310mm Min paper: 140*100mm A single punching: 1.5*2mm Speed: 7000 times/hour Weight: 1,200KG

Surface-mount components on a flash drive's circuit board
Surface-mount technology (SMT) is a method for constructing electronic circuits in which the components (SMC, or Surface Mounted Components) are mounted directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards (PCBs). Electronic devices so made are called surface-mount devices or SMDs. In the industry it has largely replaced the through-hole technology construction method of fitting components with wire leads into holes in the circuit board.
An SMT component is usually smaller than its through-hole counterpart because it has either smaller leads or no leads at all. It may have short pins or leads of various styles, flat contacts, a matrix of solder balls (BGAs), or terminations on the body of the component.
Contents
1 History
2 Assembly techniques
3 Main advantages
4 Main disadvantages
5 Reworking defective SMD components
5.1 Benefits and Disadvantages of different soldering methods
6 Package sizes
7 See also
8 External links
//
History
Surface-mount technology was developed in the 1960s and became widely used in the late 1980s. Much of the pioneering work in this technology was by IBM. The design approach first demonstrated by IBM in 1960 in a small-scale computer was later applied in the Launch Vehicle Digital Computer used in the Instrument Unit that guided all Saturn IB and Saturn V vehicles. (See Saturn Launch Vehicle Digital Computer article for a description of this type of electronic packaging as of 1964. See for high-resolution photos of components/PCB's.) Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal tabs or end caps that could be directly soldered to the surface of the PCB. Components became much smaller and component placement on both sides of a board became far more common with surface-mounting than through-hole mounting, allowing much higher circuit densities. Often only the solder joints hold the parts to the board, although parts on the bottom or "second" side of the board are temporarily secured with a dot of adhesive as well. Surface-mounted devices (SMDs) are usually made physically small and lightweight for this reason. Surface mounting lends itself well to a high degree of automation, reducing labor cost and greatly increasing production rates. SMDs can be one-quarter to one-tenth the size and weight, and one-half to one-quarter the cost of equivalent through-hole parts.
Assembly techniques

Assembly line of SMT placement machines
Where components are to be placed, the printed circuit board has flat, usually tin-lead, silver, or gold plated copper pads without holes, called solder pads. Solder paste, a sticky mixture of flux and tiny solder particles, is first applied to all the solder pads with a stainless steel or nickel stencil using a screen printing process. After screen printing, the boards then proceed to the pick-and-place machines, where they are placed on a conveyor belt. Most SMDs are usually delivered to the production line in either paper/plastic tapes wound on reels or plastic tubes. Some large integrated circuits are delivered in static-free trays. NC pick-and-place machines remove the parts from the tapes, tubes or trays and place them on the PCB.
The boards are then conveyed into the reflow soldering oven. They first enter a pre-heat zone, where the temperature of the board and all the components is gradually, uniformly raised. The boards then enter a zone where the temperature is high enough to melt the solder particles in the solder paste, bonding the component leads to the pads on the circuit board. The surface tension of the molten solder helps keep the components in place, and if the solder pad geometries are correctly designed, surface tension automatically aligns the components on their pads. There are a number of techniques for reflowing solder. One is to use infrared lamps; this is called infrared reflow. Another is to use a hot gas convection. Another technology which is becoming popular again is special fluorocarbon liquids with high boiling points which use a method called vapor phase reflow. Due to environmental concerns, this method was falling out of favor until lead-free legislation was introduced whic h requires tighter controls on soldering. Currently, at the end of 2008, Convection soldering is the most popular Reflow technology using either standard air or nitrogen gas. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. With infrared reflow, the board designer must lay the board out so that short components don't fall into the shadows of tall components. Component location is less restricted if the designer knows that vapor phase reflow or convection soldering will be used in production. Following reflow soldering, certain irregular or heat-sensitive components may be installed and soldered by hand, or in large scale automation, by...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about tatoo machine, 3d engraving machine, power plate machine, horizontal milling machine, bolt machine, coin washing machine, coin operated vending machine, commercial popcorn machine, small cnc machine, money counter machine, . The Automatical Paper Punching Machine products should be show more here!

Solid State Logic for Power Supply 1U

I want to introduct something about LED Outdoor Electronic Signs. LED Outdoor Electronic Signs Develop the software and hardware of LED display system and manufacture all kinds of LED display production. Accomplished in LED & LCD (liquid screen) display control system, mobile display terminal of GSM data transmission module, and the software and hardware develop of IC card read-write control system. Design switch kit systems for measuring and displaying voltage, current, power, power factor, temperature and humidity. Towards 232 / 485 communication, parallel port, USB port, online assembler, Computer Data collect system, experienced in designing circuit and developing Sigel-chip and computer software. Satisfy customers requirement to design and manufacture all kinds of digital tube data display circuit, clock and timing control circuit, dot-matrix character display and control module, phonic circuit, temperature and humidity control module, time control module, also supply integrated settling programs. 1) . Programming experience with Windows CE or Linux a plus. 2) . Exper
Solid State Logic Ltd
Type
Private limited05356783
Founded
1969
Headquarters
Begbroke, Oxfordshire, UK
Key people
To follow
Industry
Mixing consolesStudio hardware
Products
AWS900+ console4000 series console9000 series consoleXlogic rackmount serisDuende rackmount DSP
Revenue
? To follow
Operating income
? To follow
Net income
? To follow
Employees
160
Website
www.solid-state-logic.com
Solid State Logic, or SSL is a manufacturer of high-end mixing consoles and recording studio hardware headquartered in Begbroke, Oxfordshire, UK.
Contents
1 Company information
2 Clients
3 Pro audio market
3.1 Sequencing
3.2 Analogue to digital conversion and encoding
3.3 Computers
3.4 Modular equipment
4 SSL response
4.1 Xlogic Rackmount
4.2 Analogue Workstation System
4.3 Duality Console
4.4 Duende DSP
4.5 MediaWAN
5 Existing large console market
5.1 4000 series
5.2 5000 series
5.3 9000 series
6 Competititors
7 Alternative technologies
8 History
9 References
10 External links
//
Company information
Founded in 1969, SSL has since expanded to its present 15 acre (61,000m2) science park in Oxfordshire, England. The company invents, designs and manufactures technology for the manipulation of sound and the production and delivery of video.
SSL employs over 160 people worldwide and has regional offices in Los Angeles, Milan, New York, Paris and Tokyo, with additional support provided by an international network of distributors.
SSL analogue and digital audio consoles are used in both pre- and post-production for film, audio, video and broadcast sound. Notably, in May 2001, Studio 3 at Abbey Road Studios was refurbished with a 96-channel SSL 9000 J series console, the largest SSL console in Europe.
SSL also produces rackmount audio hardware for use in recording studios.
Clients
There are over 3000 SSL systems in service around the world. Their equipment has been used by classical musicians and popular artists such as Bryan Adams, Peter Gabriel, Whitney Houston, Blur and Sting.
Some of the company's broadcast clients include:
ABC, USA;
BBC, UK;
CBS, USA;
Fox, USA;
NBC, USA;
NHK, Japan;
NOB, Netherlands;
France 2, France;
NDR, Germany;
RAI, Italy; and
Swedish Television.
Recently, SSL was purchased by musician Peter Gabriel and Broadcast entrepreneur David Engelke. The change of ownership has seen some changes in strategy for the company including new product releases to addresss the fast-changing state of the pro-audio marketplace.
Pro audio market
The 1970s recording scene was dominated by large format consoles feeding multi-track tape machines manufactured by companies such as Studer. Both the equipment and the environment they were used in were expensive to source and maintain making studio recording a high entry cost business. A series of developments have slowly eroded this position.
Sequencing
Perhaps the first major change was the advent of music sequencer technology. Prior to its introduction all synchronisation was achieved by adding SMPTE time code to analogue tape. This acted as a reference point so that individual tracks could be easily synchronised. With the advent of MIDI hardware, devices could be used to synchronise any MIDI device and eventually MIDI Time Code or MTC became an alternative method of synchronising studio activity. Continuing development in this area has led to computer-controlled sequencing.
Analogue to digital conversion and encoding
The development of converter technology transforming analogue signals into digital signals has spawned a variety of supporting technical developments. DSP or Digital Signal Processing tehcnology has led both to the advent of digital mixing desks and DSP-based computer recording platforms such as Pro Tools. As such, this technology has created both a (typically) cheaper and lower maintenance alternative to the analogue mixing desk and a cheaper alternative to the multitrack analogue tape machine.
Computers
The advent of early computer-controlled sequencers such as Cakewalk (sequencer) has led to the design of native Digital Audio Workstation or DAW platforms. Native DAW platforms such as Steinberg's Cubase and Nuendo, Apple's Logic Pro and Cakewalk's Sonar now have significant market share as well as professional studio users, though the most broadly accepted system is currently Digidesign's Pro Tools. They are particularly popular with home recording enthusiasts and artists making demos that might in the past have required expensive studio time. Furthemore, mixes can be achieved...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about splitter tv, audio mixer digital, jordan xv, antenna 1, dc in 5v, battery charger 24v, electronics charging station, dvbt tv, coil winding machines, fuel water separators, . The LED Outdoor Electronic Signs products should be show more here!

Twill tape for cotton twill tape

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Twill tape is a flat twill-woven ribbon of cotton, linen, polyester, or wool.
Twill tape is available in various widths, generally up to 1inch (2.5cm), and a wide range of colors.
Twill tape is used in sewing and tailoring to reinforce seams, make casings, bind edges, and make sturdy ties for closing garments (for example, on hospital gowns).
A form of twill tape is sometimes used to wrap the handlebars of road bicycles.

v?d?eSewing
Techniques
Basting Cut Darning Dressmaker Embellishment Gather Heirloom sewing Pleat Ruffle Style line Tailor Gore (segment)
Stitches
Backstitch Blanket Buttonhole Chain stitch Cross-stitch Embroidery stitch Lockstitch Overlock Running Sashiko Tack
Seams
Bound Hong Kong Inseam Seam allowance Seam types
Notions
Bias tape Interfacing Passementerie Pattern Simplicity Trim Twill tape
Closures
Button Buttonhole Frog Hook-and-eye Shank Snap Velcro Zipper
Materials
Bias Yarn/Thread Selvage Textiles/Fabric
Tools
Bobbin Pin Pincushion Pinking shears Scissors Seam ripper Sewing needle Stitching awl Tape measure Thimble Tracing paper Tracing wheel Upholstery needle
Sewing machines
Bernina Brother Industries Feed dogs Pfaff Sewing machine Singer Tapemaster
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Wednesday, July 29, 2009

Perm (hairstyle) for Electric Hair Curler

I want to introduct something about lcd hair curler. lcd hair curler The international fashionable curling iron styles, professional and practical. Adopt the most advanced heating element, flash quick heat up time. Easy operation and be able to do many sort of hairstyle. After perm the hair still keep elastic and bright. The nature of hairstyle is easy to trim. Digital LCD temperature display with blue and white background light and logo shows the operating situation on the clear and active screen. Enhancing the most advanced ceramic heater(MCH), flash quick heat up time and constant heat across the plates. Using the latest in Soft Touch button technology, operation becomes more simple and convenient. Digital timer function with automatic cut-off, view temperature reading in Celsius or Fahrenheit. 360¡ã swivel cord never tangles. 25pcs/ctn outer packing carton size: 47¡Á44¡Á27cm lcd hair curl
(Redirected from Permanent wave)
A permanent wave, commonly called a perm, is the chemical and/or thermal treatment of hair to produce waves or curls. The use of the word 'permanent' is justified insofar as when the wave is permed, it remains so; however, as the hair grows, the new hair that grows has not been waved, while cutting the hair from the end removes that which is waved, giving the impression that the permanent wave gradually disappears. In cosmetology, it is termed a type of curl reformation.

First Prize won at the Hairdressing Fashion Show London, 1935, using an Icall permanent-waving machine. The hair is shorter even than in the 20's and curls/waves are restricted to the back and sides, revealing the ears and neck. The colours were achieved by adding pigments to the setting lotion.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Nessler
1.2 Eugene Suter and Isidoro Calvete
1.2.1 Development of the heaters
1.2.2 Development of the units
1.2.3 Development of the "reagents"
1.3 J.Bari-Woollss
1.4 Developments after 1930
2 Modern perms
3 Technical considerations
4 Safety considerations
5 Home perms
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
//
History
Historically, caucasian women have wished to have wavy or curly hair which seemed more attractive than the more common straight hair. Attempts to curl it by wetting and winding or tying with paper produces only superficial effects. So called water- or finger- waving or setting can be produced by manipulating the wet hair with the fingers, using a viscous lotion (generally made with tragacanth gum) to hold it in place. Washing would immediately destroy the waving. High temperatures were known to be effective for waving hair but impractical unless applied to hair separated from the scalp, which is how wigs were made.
The first person to produce a practical thermal method was Marcel Grateau in 1872. He devised a pair of specially manufactured tongs, in which one of the arms had a circular cross-section and the other a concave one, so that one fitted inside the other when the tongs were closed. The tongs were generally heated over a gas or alcohol flame and the correct temperature was achieved by testing the tongs on a newspaper - if the paper browned slightly it was about right. The waving itself was safe if care was taken to keep the tongs away from the scalp. The procedure was to comb a lock of hair towards the operator moving the comb slowly with one hand to maintain some tension, while with the other hand applying the tongs to the hair successively down the lock of hair towards the point. Each time the tongs were applied, they were move slightly in a direction normal to the lock of hair, thus producing a continuous flat or two-dimensional wave. Skill using the wrist could produce sligh t variations of the wave. Thus, Marcel waving produced a two-dimensional wave, by thermal means only and the change was produced by plastic flow of the hair rather than by any chemical means. Because of the high temperature used, the process tended to degrade the hair. However, in spite of its drawbacks, forms of Marcel waving have persisted until today, when speedy results and low cost are important.
Until the start of the twentieth century, women's hair was not cut, but as the demand for self-determination grew amongst women, it was shortened so that it did not pass the lower end of the neck. This was not only a political gesture but a practical one as women began to take over men's work due to the great shortage of labour during the First World War (see Suffragette). At the same time, electricity which at first had been introduced mainly for lighting and industrial use, began to be used for heating and the application of the electric motor at the small business and domestic level. As shorter hair was improved in appearance by waving even more than long hair, it was only a matter of time before an improved form of waving appeared.

Turn of the century advertisement for Nessler's permanent wave machine.
Nessler
An early alternative method for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in 1906 by German hairdresser Charles Nessler (18721951). He used a mixture of cow urine and water. The first public demonstration took place on October 8, 1906, but Nessler had been working on the idea since 1896. Previously, wigs had been set with caustic chemicals to form curls, but these recipes were too harsh to use next to human skin. His method, called the spiral heat method, was only useful for long hair. The hair was wrapped in a spiral around rods connected to a machine with an electric heating device. Sodium hydroxide, a strong alkali, was applied and the hair was heated (212; 100 or more) for an extended period of time. The process used about twelve, two-pound brass rollers and took...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about thinning scissor, synthetic wig, pimple cream, wholesale ice cream, olive oil body lotion, ps2 memory card reader, reach toothbrush, citric acid powder, hair dryer straightener, emu oil acne, . The lcd hair curler products should be show more here!

Super Bad (Terminator X album) for Flashing Ice Cubes

I want to introduct something about 5 In 1 Multifunction Wespro Digital Handycam. 5 In 1 Multifunction Wespro Digital Handycam Multi-Functional: This amazing device is a Digital Video Camera, as well as a Digital Sound Recorder, a Digital Still Camera, a PC-Web CAM, even a Card Reader (SD / MMC) Tiny Size: Measuring just 8. 5x 4. 0 x 6. 8cm, and weighing a mere 110g. It fits easily into your shirt pocket, you can take it anywhere, anytime to capture clean, crisp digital video with sound. TFT LCD Display: It has a clear and sharp 1. 5''color TFT LCD screen, you can make sure you are saving what you really want to save. PC / TV Playback: It can be connected onto the TV, so you can browse your movies or photos off your TV! You also can connect it onto your PC, store or review the video clips and photos on your PC. Easy to use: With built-in auto exposure, auto white balance, and auto sharpness, the controls are simple, after framing with the LCD screen, simply point and click, taking video clips or pictures easy, convenient and fun. Digital Camcorder: Record simultaneous digital vid

Super Bad
Studio album by Terminator X
Released
June 21, 1994
Recorded
1993-1994
Genre
Political RapHardcore rap
Label
Def Jam Recordings
Producer
Russell Simmons (exec.)Terminator XKool DJ HercGrandmaster Flash
Professional reviews
Allmusic link
Terminator X chronology
Terminator X & The Valley of Jeep Beats(1991)
Super Bad(1994)
Super Bad is the second and final solo album by DJ, Terminator X. The album was released on June 21, 1994 for Def Jam Recordings and was produced by Terminator X, Kool DJ Herc, Grandmaster Flash and Russell Simmons. The album was only a mild success, making it to #189 on the Billboard 200 and #38 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Two singles were released, "Under the Sun" and "It All Comes Down to the Money", the latter of which made it to #26 on the Hot Rap Singles. Super Bad featured guest appearances from many hip hop legends including , Ice Cube, Chuck D, Ice-T, MC Lyte, Whodini, Grandmaster Flash, Kool DJ Herc, Cold Crush Brothers, The Fantastic Five, Flatlinerz and Jam Master Jay.
Track listing
"Terminator's Back" feat. Kool DJ Herc- 1:47
"Kidds From the Terror" feat. Punk Barbarians- 2:55
"Godfather Promo"-:09
"Sticka" feat. Chuck D, Ice Cube, Ice-T, MC Lyte & Punk Barbarians- 3:58
"Money Promo"-:26
"It All Comes Down to the Money" feat. Whodini- 5:28
"Thumpin's Goin On Rogers" feat. Kool DJ Herc- 1:25
"Krunch Time"- 3:06
"G'Damn Datt DJ Made My Day" feat. Grandmaster Flash- 2:14
"Stylewild '94" feat. Cold Crush Brothers & The Fantastic Five- 5:59
"Funky Piano"-:54
"A Side Final Promo"-:24
"Make Room for Thunder" feat. Kool DJ Herc- 2:29
"Scary-Us" feat. Flatlinerz- 3:41
"Learn That Poem"-:41
"Under the Sun" feat. Jam Master Jay- 3:45
"1994 Street Muthafukkas Gong Show" 3:52
"Don't Even Go There" feat. Bonnie 'N' Clyde- 3:53
"Herc Yardman Word"-:54
"Mashitup" feat. Prince Collin- 3:42
"Say My Brother"-:07
"Put Cha Thang Down"- 5:16
"Herc's Message" feat. Kool DJ Herc- 1:25
Categories: Terminator X albums | 1994 albums | Def Jam Recordings albums
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Electronic signature for gel pen set

I want to introduct something about KORG. KORG Technical DescriptionTone Generator: HI synthesis system, 48kHz sampling frequency, 32MByte PCM ROM, 425 multi-samples + 413 drum samplesPolyphony: 62 voices, 62 oscillators (single mode)/31 voices, 62 oscillators (double mode)Keyboard:Triton Le 76 - 76 keys;Triton Le 61 - 61 keysEffect Section:Stereo digital multi-effect system-2 master effects (mono in, stereo out),1 insert effect (stereo in/out), and 1 master EQ (3-band stereo) simultaneouslyNumber of Effects: 89 (available for insert effects or master effects)Programs/Combinations: 512 programs/384 combinations, GM - 128 programs + 9 drum kits (ROM)Sequencer:16 timbres, 16 tracks, resolution 1/192,150 preset/100 user patterns (for each song),200 songs, 20 cue lists,Maximum capacity: 200,000 notes,Supports Standard MIDI Files (Format 0 and 1)Dual Arpeggiators: 221 Patterns (5 Preset / 216 user), One Arpeggiator available in Program mode, Two in Combi/Seq modesRPPR (Realtime Pattern Play/Recording) Function: One set of up to 74 patterns is available fo
(Redirected from Electronic signatures)

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.
A signature is a stylized script associated with a person. It is comparable to a seal. In commerce and the law, a signature on a document is an indication that the person adopts the intentions recorded in the document. An electronic signature is any legally recognised electronic means that indicates that a person adopts the contents of an electronic message. It may be an electronic transmission of the document which contains the signature, as in the case of facsimile transmissions, or it may be encoded message, such as telegraphy using morse code. Increasingly, encrypted digital signatures are used in e-commerce. The concept itself is not new, with common law jurisdictions having recognizing telegraph signatures as far back as the mid-19th century and faxed signatures since the 1980s.
In many countries, including the United States, the European Union and Australia, electronic signatures (when recognised under the law of each jurisdiction) have the same legal consequences as the more traditional forms of executing of documents.
Contents
1 History
2 Enforceability of electronic signatures
2.1 Legal definitions
2.2 Legal test of electronic signatures
2.3 Laws regarding use of electronic signatures
3 Pseudo-legal use of imputed electronic signatures
4 Cryptographic signatures
5 Digitally captured signatures
6 Biometric signatures
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
//
History
Since well before the American Civil War began in 1861, morse code was used to send messages electronically by telegraphy. Some of these messages were agreements to terms that were intended as enforceable contracts. An early acceptance of the enforceability of telegraphic messages as electronic signatures came from the New Hampshire Supreme Court in 1869.[citation needed]
In the 1980s, many companies and even some individuals began using fax machines for high-priority or time-sensitive delivery of documents. Although the original signature on the original document was on paper, the image of the signature and its transmission was electronic.
Courts in various jurisdictions have decided that enforceable electronic signatures can include agreements made by email, entering a personal identification number (PIN) into a bank ATM, signing a credit or debit slip with a digital pen pad device (an application of graphics tablet technology) at a point of sale, installing software with a clickwrap software license agreement on the package , and signing electronic documents online.[citation needed]
The first agreement signed electronically by two sovereign nations was a Joint Communiqu recognizing the growing importance of the promotion of electronic commerce, signed by the United States and Ireland in 1998.
Enforceability of electronic signatures
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)
In the United States, the definition of what qualifies as an electronic signature is wide and is set out in the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act ("UETA") released by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) in 1999.. It was influenced by ABA committee white papers and the uniform law promulgated by NCCUSL. Under UETA, the term means "an electronic sound, symbol, or process, attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record." This definition and many other core concepts of UETA are echoed in the U.S. ESign Act of 2000 46 US states, the District of Columbia, and the US Virgin Islands have enacted UETA.
Canadian law (PIPEDA) attempts to clarify the situation by first defining a generic electronic signature as "a signature that consists of one or more letters, characters, numbers or other symbols in digital form incorporated in, attached to or associated with an electronic document", then defining a secure electronic signature as an electronic signature with specific properties. PIPEDA's secure electronic signature regulations refine the definition as being a digital signature applied and verified in a specific manner.
In the European Union, the EU Directive on Electronic Signatures or the EU Electronic Signatures Directive was published in the EC Official Journal, as Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures (OJ No L 13 p.12 19/1/2000).
Legal definitions
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Amorphous metal for aluminium alloy ingots

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Sample of amorphous metal in the lab
An amorphous metal is a metallic material with a disordered atomic-scale structure. In contrast to most metals, which are crystalline and therefore have a highly ordered arrangement of atoms, amorphous alloys are non-crystalline. Materials in which such a disordered structure is produced directly from the liquid state during cooling are called "glasses", and so amorphous metals are commonly referred to as "metallic glasses" or "glassy metals". However, there are several other ways in which amorphous metals can be produced, including physical vapor deposition, solid-state reaction, ion irradiation, melt spinning, and mechanical alloying. Amorphous metals produced by these techniques are, strictly speaking, not glasses; however, materials scientists commonly consider amorphous alloys to be a single class of materials, regardless of how they are prepared.
In the past, small batches of amorphous metals have been produced through a variety of quick-cooling methods. For instance, amorphous metal wires have been produced by sputtering molten metal onto a spinning metal disk. The rapid cooling, on the order of millions of degrees a second, is too fast for crystals to form and the material is "locked in" a glassy state. More recently a number of alloys with critical cooling rates low enough to allow formation of amorphous structure in thick layers (over 1 millimeter) had been produced, these are known as bulk metallic glasses (BMG). Liquidmetal sells a number of titanium-based BMGs, developed in studies originally carried out at Caltech. More recently, batches of amorphous steel have been produced that demonstrate strengths much greater than conventional steel alloys.
Contents
1 History
2 Properties
3 References
4 External links
5 See also
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History
The first metallic glass was an alloy (Au75Si25) produced at Caltech by W. Klement (Jr.), Willens and Duwez in 1960 . This and other early glass-forming alloys had to be cooled extremely rapidly (on the order of one megakelvin per second, 106K/s) to avoid crystallization. An important consequence of this was that metallic glasses could only be produced in a limited number of forms (typically ribbons, foils, or wires) in which one dimension was small so that heat could be extracted quickly enough to achieve the necessary cooling rate. As a result, metallic glass specimens (with a few exceptions) were limited to thicknesses of less than one hundred micrometres.
In 1969, an alloy of 77.5% palladium, 6% copper, and 16.5% silicon was found to have critical cooling rate between 100 K/s to 1000 K/s.
In 1976, H. Liebermann and C. Graham developed a new method of manufacturing thin ribbons of amorphous metal on a supercooled fast-spinning wheel. This was an alloy of iron, nickel, phosphorus and boron. The material, known as Metglas, was commercialized in early 1980s and used for low-loss power distribution transformers (Amorphous metal transformer). Metglas-2605 is composed of 80% iron and 20% boron, has Curie temperature of 373 and a room temperature saturation magnetization of 125.7 milliteslas.
In the early 1980s, glassy ingots with 5 mm diameter were produced from the alloy of 55% palladium, 22.5% lead, and 22.5% antimony, by surface etching followed with heating-cooling cycles. Using boron oxide flux, the achievable thickness was increased to a centimeter.
The research in Tohoku University and Caltech yielded multicomponent alloys based on lanthanum, magnesium, zirconium, palladium, iron, copper, and titanium, with critical cooling rate between 1 K/s to 100 K/s, comparable to oxide glasses.
In 1988, alloys of lanthanum, aluminium, and copper ore were found to be highly glass-forming.
In the 1990s, however, new alloys were developed that form glasses at cooling rates as low as one kelvin per second. These cooling rates can be achieved by simple casting into metallic molds. These "bulk" amorphous alloys can be cast into parts of up to several centimeters in thickness (the maximum thickness depending on the alloy) while retaining an amorphous structure. The best glass-forming alloys are based on zirconium and palladium, but alloys based on iron, titanium, copper, magnesium, and other metals are also known. Many amorphous alloys are formed by exploiting a phenomenon called the "confusion" effect. Such alloys contain so many different elements (often a dozen or more) that upon cooling at sufficiently fast rates, the constituent atoms simply cannot coordinate themselves into the equilibrium crystalline state before their mobility is stopped. In this way, the random disordered state of the atoms is "locked in".
In 1992, the first commercial amorphous alloy, Vitreloy 1 (41.2% Zr, 13.8% Ti, 12.5% Cu, 10% Ni, and 22.5% Be), was developed at Caltech, as a part of Department of Energy and NASA research of new...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about 17 inch laptop cases, ipod mini case, atx mini cases, cheap cd cases, dvd holder case, wholesale cell phone cases, shopping trolley bag, small computer cases, cd calendar cases, metal card cases, . The Display Case products should be show more here!