Wednesday, July 29, 2009

Perm (hairstyle) for Electric Hair Curler

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(Redirected from Permanent wave)
A permanent wave, commonly called a perm, is the chemical and/or thermal treatment of hair to produce waves or curls. The use of the word 'permanent' is justified insofar as when the wave is permed, it remains so; however, as the hair grows, the new hair that grows has not been waved, while cutting the hair from the end removes that which is waved, giving the impression that the permanent wave gradually disappears. In cosmetology, it is termed a type of curl reformation.

First Prize won at the Hairdressing Fashion Show London, 1935, using an Icall permanent-waving machine. The hair is shorter even than in the 20's and curls/waves are restricted to the back and sides, revealing the ears and neck. The colours were achieved by adding pigments to the setting lotion.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Nessler
1.2 Eugene Suter and Isidoro Calvete
1.2.1 Development of the heaters
1.2.2 Development of the units
1.2.3 Development of the "reagents"
1.3 J.Bari-Woollss
1.4 Developments after 1930
2 Modern perms
3 Technical considerations
4 Safety considerations
5 Home perms
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
//
History
Historically, caucasian women have wished to have wavy or curly hair which seemed more attractive than the more common straight hair. Attempts to curl it by wetting and winding or tying with paper produces only superficial effects. So called water- or finger- waving or setting can be produced by manipulating the wet hair with the fingers, using a viscous lotion (generally made with tragacanth gum) to hold it in place. Washing would immediately destroy the waving. High temperatures were known to be effective for waving hair but impractical unless applied to hair separated from the scalp, which is how wigs were made.
The first person to produce a practical thermal method was Marcel Grateau in 1872. He devised a pair of specially manufactured tongs, in which one of the arms had a circular cross-section and the other a concave one, so that one fitted inside the other when the tongs were closed. The tongs were generally heated over a gas or alcohol flame and the correct temperature was achieved by testing the tongs on a newspaper - if the paper browned slightly it was about right. The waving itself was safe if care was taken to keep the tongs away from the scalp. The procedure was to comb a lock of hair towards the operator moving the comb slowly with one hand to maintain some tension, while with the other hand applying the tongs to the hair successively down the lock of hair towards the point. Each time the tongs were applied, they were move slightly in a direction normal to the lock of hair, thus producing a continuous flat or two-dimensional wave. Skill using the wrist could produce sligh t variations of the wave. Thus, Marcel waving produced a two-dimensional wave, by thermal means only and the change was produced by plastic flow of the hair rather than by any chemical means. Because of the high temperature used, the process tended to degrade the hair. However, in spite of its drawbacks, forms of Marcel waving have persisted until today, when speedy results and low cost are important.
Until the start of the twentieth century, women's hair was not cut, but as the demand for self-determination grew amongst women, it was shortened so that it did not pass the lower end of the neck. This was not only a political gesture but a practical one as women began to take over men's work due to the great shortage of labour during the First World War (see Suffragette). At the same time, electricity which at first had been introduced mainly for lighting and industrial use, began to be used for heating and the application of the electric motor at the small business and domestic level. As shorter hair was improved in appearance by waving even more than long hair, it was only a matter of time before an improved form of waving appeared.

Turn of the century advertisement for Nessler's permanent wave machine.
Nessler
An early alternative method for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in 1906 by German hairdresser Charles Nessler (18721951). He used a mixture of cow urine and water. The first public demonstration took place on October 8, 1906, but Nessler had been working on the idea since 1896. Previously, wigs had been set with caustic chemicals to form curls, but these recipes were too harsh to use next to human skin. His method, called the spiral heat method, was only useful for long hair. The hair was wrapped in a spiral around rods connected to a machine with an electric heating device. Sodium hydroxide, a strong alkali, was applied and the hair was heated (212; 100 or more) for an extended period of time. The process used about twelve, two-pound brass rollers and took...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about thinning scissor, synthetic wig, pimple cream, wholesale ice cream, olive oil body lotion, ps2 memory card reader, reach toothbrush, citric acid powder, hair dryer straightener, emu oil acne, . The lcd hair curler products should be show more here!

Super Bad (Terminator X album) for Flashing Ice Cubes

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Super Bad
Studio album by Terminator X
Released
June 21, 1994
Recorded
1993-1994
Genre
Political RapHardcore rap
Label
Def Jam Recordings
Producer
Russell Simmons (exec.)Terminator XKool DJ HercGrandmaster Flash
Professional reviews
Allmusic link
Terminator X chronology
Terminator X & The Valley of Jeep Beats(1991)
Super Bad(1994)
Super Bad is the second and final solo album by DJ, Terminator X. The album was released on June 21, 1994 for Def Jam Recordings and was produced by Terminator X, Kool DJ Herc, Grandmaster Flash and Russell Simmons. The album was only a mild success, making it to #189 on the Billboard 200 and #38 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Two singles were released, "Under the Sun" and "It All Comes Down to the Money", the latter of which made it to #26 on the Hot Rap Singles. Super Bad featured guest appearances from many hip hop legends including , Ice Cube, Chuck D, Ice-T, MC Lyte, Whodini, Grandmaster Flash, Kool DJ Herc, Cold Crush Brothers, The Fantastic Five, Flatlinerz and Jam Master Jay.
Track listing
"Terminator's Back" feat. Kool DJ Herc- 1:47
"Kidds From the Terror" feat. Punk Barbarians- 2:55
"Godfather Promo"-:09
"Sticka" feat. Chuck D, Ice Cube, Ice-T, MC Lyte & Punk Barbarians- 3:58
"Money Promo"-:26
"It All Comes Down to the Money" feat. Whodini- 5:28
"Thumpin's Goin On Rogers" feat. Kool DJ Herc- 1:25
"Krunch Time"- 3:06
"G'Damn Datt DJ Made My Day" feat. Grandmaster Flash- 2:14
"Stylewild '94" feat. Cold Crush Brothers & The Fantastic Five- 5:59
"Funky Piano"-:54
"A Side Final Promo"-:24
"Make Room for Thunder" feat. Kool DJ Herc- 2:29
"Scary-Us" feat. Flatlinerz- 3:41
"Learn That Poem"-:41
"Under the Sun" feat. Jam Master Jay- 3:45
"1994 Street Muthafukkas Gong Show" 3:52
"Don't Even Go There" feat. Bonnie 'N' Clyde- 3:53
"Herc Yardman Word"-:54
"Mashitup" feat. Prince Collin- 3:42
"Say My Brother"-:07
"Put Cha Thang Down"- 5:16
"Herc's Message" feat. Kool DJ Herc- 1:25
Categories: Terminator X albums | 1994 albums | Def Jam Recordings albums
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Electronic signature for gel pen set

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(Redirected from Electronic signatures)

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.
A signature is a stylized script associated with a person. It is comparable to a seal. In commerce and the law, a signature on a document is an indication that the person adopts the intentions recorded in the document. An electronic signature is any legally recognised electronic means that indicates that a person adopts the contents of an electronic message. It may be an electronic transmission of the document which contains the signature, as in the case of facsimile transmissions, or it may be encoded message, such as telegraphy using morse code. Increasingly, encrypted digital signatures are used in e-commerce. The concept itself is not new, with common law jurisdictions having recognizing telegraph signatures as far back as the mid-19th century and faxed signatures since the 1980s.
In many countries, including the United States, the European Union and Australia, electronic signatures (when recognised under the law of each jurisdiction) have the same legal consequences as the more traditional forms of executing of documents.
Contents
1 History
2 Enforceability of electronic signatures
2.1 Legal definitions
2.2 Legal test of electronic signatures
2.3 Laws regarding use of electronic signatures
3 Pseudo-legal use of imputed electronic signatures
4 Cryptographic signatures
5 Digitally captured signatures
6 Biometric signatures
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
//
History
Since well before the American Civil War began in 1861, morse code was used to send messages electronically by telegraphy. Some of these messages were agreements to terms that were intended as enforceable contracts. An early acceptance of the enforceability of telegraphic messages as electronic signatures came from the New Hampshire Supreme Court in 1869.[citation needed]
In the 1980s, many companies and even some individuals began using fax machines for high-priority or time-sensitive delivery of documents. Although the original signature on the original document was on paper, the image of the signature and its transmission was electronic.
Courts in various jurisdictions have decided that enforceable electronic signatures can include agreements made by email, entering a personal identification number (PIN) into a bank ATM, signing a credit or debit slip with a digital pen pad device (an application of graphics tablet technology) at a point of sale, installing software with a clickwrap software license agreement on the package , and signing electronic documents online.[citation needed]
The first agreement signed electronically by two sovereign nations was a Joint Communiqu recognizing the growing importance of the promotion of electronic commerce, signed by the United States and Ireland in 1998.
Enforceability of electronic signatures
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)
In the United States, the definition of what qualifies as an electronic signature is wide and is set out in the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act ("UETA") released by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) in 1999.. It was influenced by ABA committee white papers and the uniform law promulgated by NCCUSL. Under UETA, the term means "an electronic sound, symbol, or process, attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record." This definition and many other core concepts of UETA are echoed in the U.S. ESign Act of 2000 46 US states, the District of Columbia, and the US Virgin Islands have enacted UETA.
Canadian law (PIPEDA) attempts to clarify the situation by first defining a generic electronic signature as "a signature that consists of one or more letters, characters, numbers or other symbols in digital form incorporated in, attached to or associated with an electronic document", then defining a secure electronic signature as an electronic signature with specific properties. PIPEDA's secure electronic signature regulations refine the definition as being a digital signature applied and verified in a specific manner.
In the European Union, the EU Directive on Electronic Signatures or the EU Electronic Signatures Directive was published in the EC Official Journal, as Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures (OJ No L 13 p.12 19/1/2000).
Legal definitions
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Amorphous metal for aluminium alloy ingots

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Sample of amorphous metal in the lab
An amorphous metal is a metallic material with a disordered atomic-scale structure. In contrast to most metals, which are crystalline and therefore have a highly ordered arrangement of atoms, amorphous alloys are non-crystalline. Materials in which such a disordered structure is produced directly from the liquid state during cooling are called "glasses", and so amorphous metals are commonly referred to as "metallic glasses" or "glassy metals". However, there are several other ways in which amorphous metals can be produced, including physical vapor deposition, solid-state reaction, ion irradiation, melt spinning, and mechanical alloying. Amorphous metals produced by these techniques are, strictly speaking, not glasses; however, materials scientists commonly consider amorphous alloys to be a single class of materials, regardless of how they are prepared.
In the past, small batches of amorphous metals have been produced through a variety of quick-cooling methods. For instance, amorphous metal wires have been produced by sputtering molten metal onto a spinning metal disk. The rapid cooling, on the order of millions of degrees a second, is too fast for crystals to form and the material is "locked in" a glassy state. More recently a number of alloys with critical cooling rates low enough to allow formation of amorphous structure in thick layers (over 1 millimeter) had been produced, these are known as bulk metallic glasses (BMG). Liquidmetal sells a number of titanium-based BMGs, developed in studies originally carried out at Caltech. More recently, batches of amorphous steel have been produced that demonstrate strengths much greater than conventional steel alloys.
Contents
1 History
2 Properties
3 References
4 External links
5 See also
//
History
The first metallic glass was an alloy (Au75Si25) produced at Caltech by W. Klement (Jr.), Willens and Duwez in 1960 . This and other early glass-forming alloys had to be cooled extremely rapidly (on the order of one megakelvin per second, 106K/s) to avoid crystallization. An important consequence of this was that metallic glasses could only be produced in a limited number of forms (typically ribbons, foils, or wires) in which one dimension was small so that heat could be extracted quickly enough to achieve the necessary cooling rate. As a result, metallic glass specimens (with a few exceptions) were limited to thicknesses of less than one hundred micrometres.
In 1969, an alloy of 77.5% palladium, 6% copper, and 16.5% silicon was found to have critical cooling rate between 100 K/s to 1000 K/s.
In 1976, H. Liebermann and C. Graham developed a new method of manufacturing thin ribbons of amorphous metal on a supercooled fast-spinning wheel. This was an alloy of iron, nickel, phosphorus and boron. The material, known as Metglas, was commercialized in early 1980s and used for low-loss power distribution transformers (Amorphous metal transformer). Metglas-2605 is composed of 80% iron and 20% boron, has Curie temperature of 373 and a room temperature saturation magnetization of 125.7 milliteslas.
In the early 1980s, glassy ingots with 5 mm diameter were produced from the alloy of 55% palladium, 22.5% lead, and 22.5% antimony, by surface etching followed with heating-cooling cycles. Using boron oxide flux, the achievable thickness was increased to a centimeter.
The research in Tohoku University and Caltech yielded multicomponent alloys based on lanthanum, magnesium, zirconium, palladium, iron, copper, and titanium, with critical cooling rate between 1 K/s to 100 K/s, comparable to oxide glasses.
In 1988, alloys of lanthanum, aluminium, and copper ore were found to be highly glass-forming.
In the 1990s, however, new alloys were developed that form glasses at cooling rates as low as one kelvin per second. These cooling rates can be achieved by simple casting into metallic molds. These "bulk" amorphous alloys can be cast into parts of up to several centimeters in thickness (the maximum thickness depending on the alloy) while retaining an amorphous structure. The best glass-forming alloys are based on zirconium and palladium, but alloys based on iron, titanium, copper, magnesium, and other metals are also known. Many amorphous alloys are formed by exploiting a phenomenon called the "confusion" effect. Such alloys contain so many different elements (often a dozen or more) that upon cooling at sufficiently fast rates, the constituent atoms simply cannot coordinate themselves into the equilibrium crystalline state before their mobility is stopped. In this way, the random disordered state of the atoms is "locked in".
In 1992, the first commercial amorphous alloy, Vitreloy 1 (41.2% Zr, 13.8% Ti, 12.5% Cu, 10% Ni, and 22.5% Be), was developed at Caltech, as a part of Department of Energy and NASA research of new...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about 17 inch laptop cases, ipod mini case, atx mini cases, cheap cd cases, dvd holder case, wholesale cell phone cases, shopping trolley bag, small computer cases, cd calendar cases, metal card cases, . The Display Case products should be show more here!