Qingqing: Roman military diploma

I had find many products about aluminum bronze plate from some websites such as

	Silver Coffee Tray SILVER PLATED COFFEE / SERVING TRAY.
	Bamboo Letter tray Stack two Letter Trays together to organize paperwork, including incoming and outgoing items...

And you can see more from display stand plate automobile battery plate acrylic pepper mill silicon electrode plate oil seal plate mesh document tray silver plated dish steel battery tray kitchenaid mixer bowl
(Redirected from Military diploma)
Structural history
Roman army (unit types and ranks, legions, auxiliaries, generals)
Roman navy (fleets, admirals)
Campaign history
Lists of wars and battles
Decorations and punishments
Technological history
Military engineering (castra, siege engines, arches, roads)
Personal equipment
Political history
Strategy and tactics
Infantry tactics
Frontiers and fortifications (limes, Hadrian's Wall)
This box: view?talk?edit

Roman mitary diploma (Museum Carnuntum)
A Roman military diploma was a document inscribed in bronze certifying that the holder was discharged from the Roman army and/or had received Roman citizenship from the Emperor for his honorable service. [1]. It was issued during the Principate period to retiring veterans who had served in those corps of the Roman armed forces which enlisted non-citizens: mainly the auxilia, but also the Roman navy, the Praetorian Guard Infantry and the equites singulares Augusti (Praetorian Guard cavalry) and the cohortes urbanae (the city of Rome's public order guards). All these recruited mainly peregrini: inhabitants of the Roman empire who were not Roman citizens, the vast majority of the empire's population in the 1st and 2nd centuries. After 25 years' honorable service (26 in the navy), the veteran was entitled to Roman citizenship and its considerable benefits (including exemption from the poll tax)[2].
The most prestigious corps however, the legions, recruited Roman citizens only. Diploma for the legions are therefore restricted to exceptional periods like the Civil War of 68/69 AD where two legions I and II Adiutrix were formed out of navy soldiers without Roman citizenship [3]. After that crisis all these received diplomas rewarding them with Roman citizenship.
Contents
1 History
2 Rights granted
3 Description
4 Significance
5 Notes
6 References
6.1 Primary sources
6.2 Secondary sources
7 External links
//
History
The diploma was a notarised copy of an original constitutio (decree) issued by the emperor in Rome, listing by regiment (or unit) the eligible veterans. The constitutio, recorded on a large bronze plate, was lodged in the military archive at Rome (none such has ever been found, presumably all were melted down). The first known diploma dates from the year 52 AD, in the rule of the emperor Claudius (r. 41-54), who appears to have regularised the practice of granting Roman citizenship to peregrini auxiliaries after 25 years' service.
In 212, the Constitutio Antoniniana, issued by the emperor Caracalla, granted Roman citizenship to all the inhabitants of the empire, thus ending the second-class peregrini status. This should have made military diplomas redundant, and indeed the last known auxiliary diplomas date from 203 AD. But oddly, diplomas of the fleets, Praetorian cavalry and the cohortes urbanae continued to be issued until the late 3rd century. This might be explained by the fact that foreigners from outside the Roman empire were still recruited for those units.
Rights granted
The veteran's children also received citizenship, but not his female partner. Soldiers were forced to live in various forms of informal partnership with foreign (=non.Roman citizen) women, as they themselves were no Roman citizens yet, and as serving soldiers were not legally allowed to marry anyways until the time of emperor Septimius Severus (r. 197-211). But on discharge, the veteran was granted conubium (the right to marry) a single non-citizen woman (this was needed as Roman citizens were not normally permitted to marry non-citizens). From c.50-140 the emperoro granted citizenship to any children born during the recipient's term of service. But after c. 140 only children born after his discharge were eligible (unless the veteran had registered children from before his military service). Also one exceptional constitutio from Hadrian is known through 3 diploma where a soldier's parents and siblings were also granted Roman citizenship.
Description
The diploma consisted of two bronze tablets hinged together. Inscriptions would be engraved on each side of both plates. The full text of a diploma is listed on the outer side of the so called tabula 1; the outer side of tabula 2 shows the names of seven witnesses and their seals covered and protected by metal strips (those seals rarely survived being of ogrnaic material). The same text as tabula 1 was repeated over the two inner sides. The plates would then be folded shut and sealed together: the external inscription would be legible without breaking the seals. The internal inscription is the official notarised copy of the text on the constitutio published in Rome. The double-inscription and seals were presumably to prevent forgery or alteration.[4] A likely...(and so on)