Quercus ilex

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Holm Oak
Holm Oak foliage; note pale undersides
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Class:
Magnoliopsida
Order:
Fagales
Family:
Fagaceae
Genus:
Quercus
Section:
Quercus
Species:
Q. ilex
Binomial name
Quercus ilexL.
The Holm Oak (Quercus ilex), also called Holly Oak or Evergreen Oak, is a large evergreen oak native to the Mediterranean region. It takes its name from holm, an ancient name for holly. In Spanish it is called encina, in Portuguese azinheira and in French che vert or yeuse. It is a member of the white oak section of the genus, with acorns that mature in a single summer.

Leaves and catkins in spring
It is a medium-size tree 2027 m tall with finely square-fissured blackish bark and leathery evergreen leaves. The old leaves fall 12 years after new leaves emerge. The leaves are dark green above and pale whitish-grey with dense short hairs below. The leaf shape is variable, the adult leaves are entire, 48 cm long and 13 cm broad, while those on the lower branches of young trees are often larger (to 10 cm long), and are toothed or somewhat spiny. This is presumed to be for protection from grazing animals. In this, the foliage resembles that of the common European Holly Ilex aquifolium, and this resemblance has led to its common and botanic names. The name ilex is originally the classical Latin name for the Holm Oak, but was later also used as a botanical genus name for the hollies. The flowers are catkins, produced in the spring; the fruit is an acorn, which matures in about six months.
There are two subspecies:
Quercus ilex subsp. ilex. Native in the north and east of the species' range, from northern Iberia and France east to Greece. Leaves narrow; acorns 2 cm long, bitter tasting.
Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia (syn. Q. rotundifolia, Q. ballota). Native in the southwest of the species' range, in central and southern Iberia (Spain) and northwest Africa. Leaves broader; acorns 2.5 cm long, sweet tasting.
Contents
1 Ecology
2 Cultivation and uses
3 References
4 Line notes
5 Gallery
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Ecology
Holm Oak grows in pure stands or mixed forest in relatively arid climates and often at low or moderate elevations. One of the plant associations in which Holm Oak is found is the Holm Oak/Atlas Cedar forests of the Atlas Mountains. In Morocco some of these mixed forests are habitat to the endangered primate, Barbary Macaque, Macaca sylvanus.
Holm oak is damaging biodiversity in the United Kingdom, and is listed as an alien invader. Normally the tree is unable to withstand frost, which would normally prevent it from spreading north, but with climate change, it has successfully penetrated these areas.
Cultivation and uses

Mature acorns
The wood is hard and tough, used since ancient times for general construction purposes as pillars, tools, wagons, vessels, and wine casks. Used as well as firewood, or in charcoal manufacture.
The Holm Oak is one of the top three trees used in the establishment of truffle orchards, or truffieres. Truffles grow in an ectomycorrhizal association with the tree's roots.
The acorns, like those of the Cork Oak, are edible (toasted or as a flour), and are an important food for free-range pigs reared for serrano ham production. Boiled in water, the acorns can also be used as a medicinal treatment for injury dis-infections.
It can be clipped to form a tall hedge, and it is suitable for coastal windbreaks, in any well drained soil. It forms a picturesque rounded head, with pendulous low-hanging branches. Its size and solid evergreen character gives it an imposing architectural presence that makes it valuable in many urban and garden settings. While Holm Oak can be grown in much of maritime northwestern Europe, it is not tolerant of cold continental winters.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Quercus ilex
BBC News (2008) Holm Oak: Garden Invader
Royal Botanic Garden (2008) Flora Europaea: Quercus ilex
W.J. Bean (1976). Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles 8th ed., revised. John Murray.
C. Michael Hogan (2008) Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Str?mberg
Holm Oak (2002)
K. Rushforth (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. HarperCollins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
(French)Ches: Quercus ilex
Line notes
^ Royal Botanic Gardens, 2008
^ Holm Oak, 2002
^ C. Michael Hogan, 2008)
^ BBC News, 2008
Gallery

Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia (Extremadura, Spain)
Juvenile (spiny) leaf of Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia (Extremadura, Spain)
Bark of Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia (Extremadura,...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about circuit pack boards, Fireplace Mantels Wood, . The Impi products should be show more here!