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Hydraulophone
Hydraulist and composer Ryan Janzen, playing with Hart House Symphonic Band.
Other instrument
Other names
Woodwater instrument
Classification
*Water
Woodwater
Reedless
Single-reed
Double-reed
Hornbostel-Sachs Classification
NaN(Hydraulophone)
Playing range
Basic range of a diatonic hydraulophone with 12 water jets:
More detailed ranges and compasses appear below.
Related instruments
Flute
Glass harmonica
Pipe organ
Musicians
Hydraulists

Waterflute (reedless) hydraulophone with 45 finger-embouchure holes, allowing an intricate but polyphonic embouchure-like control by inserting one finger into each of several of the instrument's 45 mouths at the same time.
A hydraulophone is a unique type of tonal acoustic musical instrument that is played by direct physical contact with hydraulic fluid (usually water) in which sound is generated or affected hydraulically[1][2]. Typically the sound is produced by the same hydraulic fluid that is in direct contact with the player's fingers[3]. It has also been used to refer to an acoustic sound-producing mechanism that is used as an interface or input device involving the monitoring of fluid flow. Examples include hydraulophones for fluid-flow monitoring and measurement applications, such as building automation, equipment monitoring, and the like (e.g. determining which faucet or toilet in a building is operating and how much water it is consuming)[4]. The hydraulophone was invented and named by Professor Steve Mann.
Contents
1 Types of hydraulophones
2 Relationship to woodwind instruments
2.1 Hydraulophone embouchure
3 12-jet diatonic hydraulophones
4 45-jet chromatic hydraulophones (concert hydraulophones)
5 Relationship to other musical instruments in the orchestra
5.1 Classifications based on surrounding media
5.2 Relationship between hydraulophone and the "strings, percussion, wind" taxonomy
5.3 Relationship to the pipe organ
5.4 Relationship to the piano
5.5 Relationship to instruments that use other states-of-H2O
6 World's largest hydraulophone
7 Markings on standard 12-jet hydraulophone
8 References and notes
9 External links
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Types of hydraulophones
Relationship to woodwind instruments
The hydraulophone is similar to a woodwind instrument, but it runs on incompressible (or less compressible) fluid rather than compressible fluid. In this context hydraulophones are sometimes called "woodwater" instruments regardless of whether or not they are made of wood (as woodwind instruments are also often not made of wood).
Hydraulophone embouchure
Since humans do not breathe water, the water must be "blown" into the hydraulophone by way of a pump which can be hand-operated, wind operated, water powered, or electric (i.e. an electric pump). Unlike woodwind instruments in which there is one mouthpiece at the entrance to the flute chamber, hydraulophones have mouthpieces at every exit port from the chamber.
Whereas flutes have one fipple mechanism for the mouth of the player, along with several finger holes that share the one fipple mechanism, the hydraulophone has a separate mouth/mouthpiece for each finger hole. A typical park-hydraulophone for installation in public spaces has 12 mouths, whereas a concert hydraulophone typically has 45 mouths.
Embouchure is controlled by way of the instrument's mouths, not the player's mouth such that the player can sing along with the hydraulophone (i.e. a player can sing and play the instrument at the same time). Moreover, the instrument provides the unique capability of polyphonic embouchure, where a player can dynamically "sculpt" each note by the shape and position of each finger inserted into each of the mouths. For example, the sound is different when fingering the center of a water jet than when fingering the water jet near the periphery of the circular mouth's opening.
12-jet diatonic hydraulophones
Many diatonic hydraulophones are built with 12 water jets, one for each of the 12 notes. The standard compass starts on A, extending up an octave and a half to E. We say 1 1/2 octaves in the sense that the high E has a frequency that is (2 * 1.5 = 3) times as large as that of the low A, ie. an octave (8va) plus a perfect fifth (P5) higher.

Extended playing ranges for a diatonic 12-water-jet hydraulophone
The standard A to E range, in which it is possible to play with polyphonic embouchure on any or all diatonic notes at the same time, is shown on the left side of the diagram. When playing only monophonically, some additional range is possible on certain hydraulophones, indicated here by small cue notes at the end-points.
Left, the extended notes come from closing...(and so on)